Reverse Racism Definition

Acts of racism make newspaper headlines daily. Theres no shortage of media coverage about racial discrimination or racially motivated violence, be it plots by white supremacists to kill  President Barack Obama  or police killings of unarmed black men. But what about reverse racism? Is reverse racism even real and, if so, whats the best way to define it? Defining Reverse Racism Reverse racism refers to discrimination against whites, usually in the form of programs meant to advance ethnic minorities such as affirmative action. Anti-racist activists in the U.S. have largely deemed reverse racism to be impossible, as the power structure of the United States has historically benefited whites and continues to do so today, despite the election of a black president. Such activists argue that the definition of racism isnt just one individuals belief that a certain race is superior to others but also includes institutional oppression. Explains white anti-racist activist Tim Wise in A Look at the Myth of Reverse Racism: When a group of people has little or no power over you institutionally, they dont get to define the terms of your existence, they cant limit your opportunities, and you neednt worry much about the use of a slur to describe you and yours, since, in all likelihood, the slur is as far as its going to go. What are they going to do next: deny you a bank loan? Yeah, right. In the Jim Crow South, for example, police officers, bus drivers, educators and other agents of the state worked in tandem to maintain segregation and, thus, racism against people of color. While ethnic minorities during this time may have harbored ill will towards Caucasians, they lacked the power to adversely affect whites lives. On the other hand, the very fate of people of color is determined by institutions that have traditionally discriminated against them. This explains, in part, why an African American who has committed a certain crime is likely to receive a stiffer sentence than a white person who committed an identical crime. What Makes White Racism Distinct? Because American institutions havent traditionally been anti-white, the argument that whites can be truly victimized by reverse racism is difficult to make. Still, the assertion that reverse racism exists has persisted since the late 20th century when the government implemented widespread programs to make up for historic discrimination against ethnic minorities. In 1994, Time magazine ran an article about a small minority of Afro-centrists known as melanists who posit that those with an abundance of dark skin pigment, or melanin, are more humane and superior to lighter-skinned people, not to mention prone to having paranormal powers such as ESP and psychokinesis. The idea that one group of people is superior to another based on skin color certainly fits the dictionary definition of racism. Yet, the melanists had no institutional power to spread their message or subjugate lighter-skinned people based on their racist beliefs. Moreover, because the melanists spread their message in pred ominantly black settings, its likely that few whites even heard their racist message, let alone suffered because of it. Melanists lacked the institutional influence to oppress whites with their ideology. What separates white racism from any other form †¦is [its] ability†¦to become lodged in the minds of and perceptions of the citizenry, Wise explains. White perceptions are what end up counting in a white-dominated society. If whites say Indians are savages, then by God, theyll be seen as savages. If Indians say whites are mayonnaise-eating Amway salespeople, who the hell is going to care? And such was the case with the melanists. No one cared what they had to say about the melanin-deprived because this fringe group of Afro-centrists lacked power and influence. When Institutions Favor Ethnic Minorities Over Whites If we include institutional power in the definition of racism, it’s virtually impossible to argue that reverse racism exists. But as institutions attempt to compensate ethnic minorities for the racism of the past via affirmative action programs and similar policies, the government has found that whites have experienced discrimination. In June 2009, white firefighters from New Haven, Conn., won a â€Å"reverse discrimination† Supreme Court case. The suit stemmed from the fact that white firefighters who excelled on a qualifying test to receive promotions were prevented from moving up because their colleagues of color had not performed so well. Rather than allow the white firefighters to promote, the city of New Haven dismissed the test results for fear that minority firefighters would sue if they weren’t also promoted. Chief Justice John Roberts argued that the events in New Haven amounted to racial discrimination against whites because the city would not have refused to promote black firefighters if their white counterparts had performed poorly on the qualifying exam. The Case for Diversity Initiatives Not all whites who find themselves excluded as institutions try to right past wrongs feel victimized. In a piece for The Atlantic called â€Å"Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black,† legal scholar Stanley Fish described being ruled out of an administrative position at a university when the powers-that-be decided that a woman or ethnic minority would be a better candidate for the job. Fish explained: Although I was disappointed, I did not conclude that the situation was ‘unfair,’ because the policy was obviously†¦ not intended to disenfranchise white males. Rather, the policy was driven by other considerations, and it was only as a by-product of those considerations—not as the main goal—that white males like me were rejected. Given that the institution in question has a high percentage of minority students, a very low percentage of minority faculty, and an even lower percentage of minority administrators, it made perfect sense to focus on women and minority candidates, and within that sense, not as the result of prejudice, my whiteness and maleness became disqualifications. Fish argues that whites who find themselves excluded when white institutions try to diversify mustn’t protest. Exclusion when the goal is not racism but an attempt to level the playing field can’t compare to the centuries of racial subjugation that people of color experienced in U.S. society. Ultimately, this kind of exclusion serves the greater good of eradicating racism and its legacy, Fish points out. Wrapping Up Does reverse racism exist? Not according to the antiracist definition of racism. This definition includes institutional power and not just the prejudices of a lone individual. As institutions which have historically benefited whites attempt to diversify, however, they sometimes favor ethnic minorities over whites. Their purpose in doing so is to right the wrongs of the past and the present against minority groups. But as institutions embrace multiculturalism, they are still forbidden by the 14th Amendment from directly discriminating against any racial group, including whites. Thus, while institutions engage in minority outreach, they must do so in a way that doesn’t unjustly penalize whites for their skin color alone.

Manic Depression And The Gemini Disorder Essay - 1490 Words

Manic depression, or â€Å"The Gemini disorder† is most commonly known as Bipolar Disorder. This illness is a brain disorder, which causes abrupt and unusual mood shifts. These irritable mood shifts can be related to the individual’s energy, activity levels, or their ability to carry out daily tasks. This disorder goes beyond the ordinary mood swings we all are aware of. Manic depression has three forms that are characterized as periods of acute elevation of elatedness, or irritability. More often than not, the symptoms begin as an adolescent, though, they can also occur as a young child or even middle age. These forms of bipolar disorder are diagnosed in more than three million people a year, and are linked to their genetic material. The history of bipolar disorder is almost as complex as the condition itself, and dates back to ancient Greece. The first century Greeks and Romans were responsible for the terms â€Å"mania† and â€Å"melancholia.† These ter ms are now called manic and depressive by modern day societies. The ancient Greeks and Romans discovered that using lithium salts in baths tranquil manic episodes and left content emotions to people who were depressed. Today, lithium is still a frequent treatment to help calm the nervous system in bipolar patients. During Greek philosopher, Aristotle’s, time â€Å"it was common for people across the globe to be executed for having bipolar disorder and other mental conditions. As the study of medicine advanced, strict religious dogma statedShow MoreRelatedManic Depression And The Gemini Disorder794 Words   |  4 PagesJessica Gulino Professor Boms BIO 1 November, 2016 Manic depression, or â€Å"The Gemini disorder† is most commonly known as Bipolar Disorder. This illness is a brain disorder, which causes abrupt and unusual mood shifts. These irritable mood shifts can be related to the individual’s energy, activity levels, or their ability to carry out daily tasks. This disorder goes beyond the ordinary mood swings we all are aware of. Manic depression has four forms that are characterized as periods of acute elevation

Cancer Oncology and Accurate Cause Free Essays

Cancer Cancer is one of the top causes of death in the world today. Studies show that one in three people will go through some form of cancer in their lifetime. There are various different kinds of cancer that effect different parts of the body. We will write a custom essay sample on Cancer: Oncology and Accurate Cause or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cancer is treated in many different ways. Some forms of cancer are treatable, and some are not. Cancer usually comes from the development of a tumor. Tumors form in the body when cells are produced without cause. New cells are formed when they are not needed, and they group together to form a tumor. The tumor can be benign, which means that it is non-cancerous, or it can be malignant, which means that it is cancerous. If cells break away from a malignant tumor, they will enter the bloodstream, and spread throughout the body, hurting other parts of the body. Cancer can also appear with no definite cause. However, there are some activities that people participate in, that increase the risk of cancer. Smoking can cause cancer of the lung, mouth, and throat. Alcohol can cause cancer of the mouth, throat, and liver. Also, exposure to radiation and sunlight can cause skin cancer. The accurate cause of cancer still remains a mystery. Cancer can be spotted early on by certain symptoms. As cancer progresses through it’s many stages, it will produce certain symptoms. The symptoms depend on the size and location of the cancer. In some areas, symptoms will not appear until the cancer is very large, making the cancer more difficult to treat. The general symptoms of cancer are fever, an alter of metabolism, fatigue, severe weight loss, weakness and dizziness, blood clots, and sores that don’t heal. There are many different ways of treatment for cancer. Surgery is usually the first choice of most patients. If the cancer is localized, meaning it hasn’t spread, surgery is the best option. The surgeon will remove the tumor and the surrounding tissue. Surgery offers the best chance of a cure. The next method of treatment, which is usually a patient’s second choice, is chemotherapy. This method treats cancer cells that have spread. Chemotherapy is used depending on the type of cancer, and the stage it is in. Chemotherapy specifically treats cancer by injecting strong medicine to a patient, and allowing the drugs to travel throughout the body. The side effects include vomiting, hair loss, infections, and fatigue. The last treatment, which is usually a last resort, is Radiation. It destroys cancer cells, so they don’t multiply. More than one half of people with cancer experience Radiation. Radiation is the process of external high-energy rays or implants inserted near the tumor, eliminating the cancer cells. With all kinds of cancer, there are seven main warning signs. These seven signs found in one person would show that the person may be suffering from some type of cancer, and this person should see a doctor immediately. Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/dying-of-breast-cancer-in-the-1800s/embed/#?secret=EWKnqwlWuM" data-secret="EWKnqwlWuM" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe The seven warning signs are a major change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, thickening or lump in breast, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious changes in wart or mole, and an irritating cough or roughness. Work Cited â€Å"Cancer. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Mar. 2012. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cancer. â€Å"What Is Cancer? † American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. http://www. cancer. org/Cancer/CancerBasics/what-is-cancer. â€Å"Genetics and Cancer. American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. http://www. cancer. org/Cancer/CancerCauses/GeneticsandCancer/index. â€Å"Diet and Physical Activity. † American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. http://www. cancer. org/Cancer/CancerCauses/DietandPhysicalActivity/index. Weinberg, Robert A. The Biology of Cancer. New York: Garland Science, 2007. Print Nathan, David G. The Cancer Treatment Revolution: How Smart Drugs and Other New Ther apies AreRenewing Our Hope and Changing the Face of Medicine. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007. Print. How to cite Cancer: Oncology and Accurate Cause, Papers

Liberal Institutionalism Informs and Influences Regional

Question: Discuss about the Liberal Institutionalism Informs and Influences Regional. Answer: Introduction The proliferation of the regional grouping of the Asian state is one of the most notable as well as an important feature of the international landscape which has taken shape from the second half century more so since the end of the Cold War end(Acharya, 2007). Many political theorists have argued that the regional integration could be regarded as the nation states, which are in the territorial region voluntarily and deferring on the sovereignty to the intergovernmental or perhaps the supranational institution so that to better on their condition wholly through cooperation. Through the use of the liberal institutionalism approach, it has been ascertained on the elements which influence the effectiveness of the selected intergovernmental regional institution, especially in ASEAN region(Dent, 2016). This has facilitated on the regional response as well as reaction to typical regional in regards to the economic, political, and social challenges. The regional agenda have depended on the a ctors, the regional order, and the regional identity. The institutions have been found to legitimate on the region, but consequently, regional identity has been determined to legitimate on the institutions. The thesis of this research is to illustrate on how liberal institutionalism tends to inform as well as influence on the regional integration in ASEAN region(Ba, 2014). Illustration of the multipurpose regional institution in ASEAN demonstrates how the organization serves towards enhancing the impact efficiency of transactions in those states. Since the period of the cold war, the regional institutions have deepened towards their regional integration and expanded on their functions as well tasks which they undertake(Ganesan, 1995). In the events the current trends should continue, relations which exist within and perhaps between institutionalized regional grouping could be the defining factors of the international system in the twenty-first century. Theoretically through communication and socialization, sharing of the information, the growth of both power and security through means of concentrating the resources as well as collective actions should be facilitated in the enhancement of regionalism(Jones Smith, 2006). All the regional actors have an interest in politics, economic as well as security in the areas of their respective regions they exist. Explanation and understanding of regional integration The world has changed significantly over the current decades. Since the end of the cold war, there has been an increase in integrated as well as interdependent economies of a globalized world which have taken center stage in the international political economy(Narine, 2016). An author such as Lupel (2004), has highlighted that there is a particular time when there would be an end of the nation-state which is regarded as a dominant form of the political organization. The regional integration has become a reality of the international scene due to the nations confronting towards political compromise and economic cooperation. The growth of the regional cooperation has highly been recognized as one of the leading development towards the modern international relations. Theoretical paradigm of the liberal institutionalism Liberal institutionalists have viewed the regional integration formation as more intermediary bodies that are erected by the state members majorly to solving common action problems. The regional institutions are usually crafted by the egoistic states to liberalize on the marked as well as benefit from the joint giants which is associated with the creation of trade(Ross, 2015). The institution facilitates the cooperation as well as liberalization through building a much stable expectation of the reciprocity, increases transparency and the lowering of the information costs. It is evident to note that these institutions do not change the identity and the interest of the state, nor do they alter the essential functions and the competencies. Liberal institutionalism usually rests on the microeconomic foundations and a state-centric rationalist approach to the behavior. Liberal institutionalism has been the most influential theoretical approach to the current study of international cooperation(Acharya, 2007). It has represented a plausible and also generalized theory which allow a better understanding of the resurgence of the regionalism. The analysis of the institutionalism is mainly based on the core arguments. One of the argument is because of the level of interdependence; it has been seen to manifest an increase in demand for the international cooperation. Institutionalism has concentrated on the ways that the strategic interaction could lead to the emergence of the collaboration in a given area of the international relations. Liberal institutionalism, when applied to regional integration, would allow identifying various ways in which the processes of regionalization and the regional economic evidence. From the perspective of liberal institutionalism the emergence of the regional security regimes such as SEAN region is viewed in regards to the balance of the power or perhaps the formation of the alliances(Mansfield Solingen, 2010). This area had been established and would survive because of the various benefits they provide. Additionally, they have facilitated on communication, spreading of the information, and transparency. There would also influence on the emergence of the regional cohesion. Regional institutionalism in ASEAN region The liberal institutionalism has a considerable power towards the influence of the regional integration, especially in ASEAN region. It has influenced on the increase in the intra-regional trade which tends to precede on the formation of the regional institutions in ASIA(Connors, Davison Dosch, 2011). The increase was principally market driven, and it has been facilitated by proximity, through cultural ties and non-institutional elements. There is a need for the regional institutions to work together to enable as well as promote the international peace as well as security(Acharya, 2007). The regional statesmen in most of the cases usually have a deep interest in conflict management to their perspective regions, and most of the cases they could help a lot towards the guarantee of legitimacy. Influence of liberal institutionalism on regional integration in ASEAN region Liberal institutionalism has viewed regional integration as the process that is supported by the rational actor who is attempting to alter their position in the international system to enable them to become better. The institutions have provided a context for relations between the states(Dent, 2016). This has allowed regional integration to be a function of the development of the intergovernmental institutions which aid the states to accomplish on their interests. For the institutionalists, regional integration is a gradual process which connects the state trough an increased interaction as well as cooperation that has been based on the rational calculation of the expected payoffs(Dent, 2016). The institutions are integral, and they are essential for regional integration. As they develop, they usually become the actors in their perspective and right in the international system with their interest as well as ability to affect the states. Integration encompasses the process of joining to and submission of the states to the international institutions. They should be given more power to the states so that they would become more integrated states which could be considered(Dent, 2016). Political this could become essential for integration because this institution cannot be created without the support of the state. This phenomenon has led to the question what an institution is? Based on the rational choice institutionalism they regard institutions as the formal, legalistic entities as well as the sets of decisions rules that could impose on the obligations upon the interested political actors. Consequently, in this perspective, the institution thus could tame on the anarchy of the international community as they become the system itself(Ba, 2014). Further, they could also constrain on the state actions. The state, on the other hand, is willing to maintain them since they reduce the risks of the interaction by reduction of the costs of interaction. The institution has become the subject of interest as well as playing the major role of regional integration. The institutions should be given more dominant role in the international system to make them more independent from the states(Connors, Davison Dosch, 2011). The foreign institutional companies, along with the national interest as well as the forces such as the presence of technology could triumphant over the anarchy through the provision of the international order. There is the motivation of the state interests and the political will towards the regional integration. The use of the liberal institutionalism approach has provided the recent push within the ASEAN in the development of the formal institutions for the cooperation(Narine, 2016). Nonetheless, the push had occurred much later in the process of integration than the institutionalists could have expected on this aspect. Conclusion Due to the lack of the common interest, this has made the absence of the institutions, instability, and possible conflict. The existence of the institutions helps to facilitate the cooperation by limiting on the opportunistic behavior through the creation of a network for interaction between various states. The liberal institutionalism advocates that a fruitful cooperation requires a certain level of sovereign control and unification of identifying of national which to many countries are still essential and should be ensured on purpose to lay a foundation for successful regional integration. The aim of this essay has been to illustrate on liberal institutionalism on how it informs and influences on the regional integration in ASEAN region. The thesis of the research has been examining the impacts of this approach towards the integration in this national states. References Acharya, A. (2007). The emerging regional architecture of world politics. World politics, 59(04), 629-652. Ba, A. (2014). Institutional divergence and convergence in the Asia- Pacificic? ASEAN in practice and in theory. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 27(2), 295-318. Connors, M. K., Davison, R., Dosch, J. (2011). The new global politics of the Asia Pacific. Routledge. Dent, C. M. (2016). East Asian Regionalism. Routledge. Ganesan, N. (1995). Testing neoliberal instirutionalism in Southeast Asia. International Journal, 50(4), 779-804. Jones, D. M., Smith, M. L. R. (2006). ASEAN and East Asian international relations: regional delusion. Edward Elgar Publishing. Mansfield, E. D., Solingen, E. (2010). Regionalism. Annual Review of political Science, 13, 145-163. Narine, S. (2016). 10 ASEAN and the response to regional crisis. Crisis and Institutional Change in Regional Integration, 173. Ross, R. S. (2015). East Asia in transition: toward a new regional order. Routledge.